#include "synth_engine.h"
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>

// A simple sine lookup table for the sine oscillator
const int SINE_TABLE_SIZE = 256;
static int16_t sine_table[SINE_TABLE_SIZE];
static bool sine_table_filled = false;

/**
 * @brief Fills the global sine table. Called once on startup.
 */
void fill_sine_table() {
    if (sine_table_filled) return;
    for (int i = 0; i < SINE_TABLE_SIZE; ++i) {
        // M_PI is not standard C++, but it's common. If it fails, use 3.1415926535...
        sine_table[i] = static_cast<int16_t>(sin(2.0 * M_PI * i / SINE_TABLE_SIZE) * 32767.0);
    }
    sine_table_filled = true;
}

SynthEngine::SynthEngine(uint32_t sampleRate)
    : grid{},
      _sampleRate(sampleRate),
      _phase(0),
      _increment(0),
      _volume(0.5f),
      _waveform(SAWTOOTH),
      _isGateOpen(false),
      _rngState(12345)
{
    fill_sine_table();
    // Initialize with a default frequency
    setFrequency(440.0f);

    // Initialize SINK
    grid[GRID_W / 2][GRID_H - 1].type = GridCell::SINK;
}

SynthEngine::~SynthEngine() {
}

void SynthEngine::exportGrid(uint8_t* buffer) {
    SynthLockGuard<SynthMutex> lock(gridMutex);
    size_t idx = 0;
    for(int y=0; y<GRID_H; ++y) {
        for(int x=0; x<GRID_W; ++x) {
            GridCell& c = grid[x][y];
            buffer[idx++] = (uint8_t)c.type;
            buffer[idx++] = (uint8_t)(c.param * 255.0f);
            buffer[idx++] = (uint8_t)c.rotation;
        }
    }
}

void SynthEngine::importGrid(const uint8_t* buffer) {
    SynthLockGuard<SynthMutex> lock(gridMutex);

    size_t idx = 0;
    for(int y=0; y<GRID_H; ++y) {
        for(int x=0; x<GRID_W; ++x) {
            GridCell& c = grid[x][y];
            uint8_t t = buffer[idx++];
            uint8_t p = buffer[idx++];
            uint8_t r = buffer[idx++];
            
            GridCell::Type newType = (GridCell::Type)t;
            c.type = newType;
            c.param = (float)p / 255.0f;
            c.rotation = r;
        }
    }
}

void SynthEngine::clearGrid() {
    SynthLockGuard<SynthMutex> lock(gridMutex);
    for (int x = 0; x < GRID_W; ++x) {
        for (int y = 0; y < GRID_H; ++y) {
            GridCell& c = grid[x][y];
            if (c.type == GridCell::SINK) continue;

            c.type = GridCell::EMPTY;
            c.param = 0.5f;
            c.rotation = 0;
            c.value = 0.0f;
            c.phase = 0.0f;
        }
    }
}

void SynthEngine::loadPreset(int preset) {
    clearGrid();
    SynthLockGuard<SynthMutex> lock(gridMutex);

    auto placeOp = [&](int x, int y, float ratio, float att, float rel) {
        // Layout:
        // (x, y)   : G-IN (South)
        // (x, y+1) : WIRE (East) -> Feeds envelope chain
        // (x+1, y+1): ATT (East) ->
        // (x+2, y+1): REL (East)
        // (x+3, y+1): VCA (South) -> Output is here. Gets audio from OSC, gain from envelope.
        // (x+3, y) : OSC (South) -> Audio source. Gets FM from its back (x+3, y-1).

        grid[x][y].type = GridCell::GATE_INPUT; grid[x][y].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[x][y+1].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[x][y+1].rotation = 1; // E

        grid[x+1][y+1].type = GridCell::ADSR_ATTACK; grid[x+1][y+1].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[x+1][y+1].param = att;

        grid[x+2][y+1].type = GridCell::ADSR_RELEASE; grid[x+2][y+1].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[x+2][y+1].param = rel;

        grid[x+3][y+1].type = GridCell::VCA; grid[x+3][y+1].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[x+3][y+1].param = 0.0f; // Controlled by Env

        grid[x+3][y].type = GridCell::INPUT_OSCILLATOR; grid[x+3][y].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[x+3][y].param = (ratio > 1.0f) ? 0.5f : 0.0f;
    };

    int sinkY = GRID_H - 1;
    int sinkX = GRID_W / 2;

    if (preset == 1) { // Based on DX7 Algorithm 32
        placeOp(0, 0, 1.0f, 0.01f, 0.5f); // Op 1
        placeOp(4, 0, 1.0f, 0.05f, 0.3f); // Op 2
        placeOp(8, 0, 2.0f, 0.01f, 0.2f); // Op 3
        
        grid[3][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[3][2].rotation = 2;
        grid[3][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[3][3].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[4][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[4][3].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[5][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[5][3].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[6][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[6][3].rotation = 2; // S
        
        grid[7][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[7][2].rotation = 2;
        grid[7][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[7][3].rotation = 3; // W
        
        grid[11][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[11][2].rotation = 2;
        grid[11][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[11][3].rotation = 3; // W
        grid[10][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[10][3].rotation = 3; // W
        grid[9][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[9][3].rotation = 3; // W
        grid[8][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[8][3].rotation = 3; // W

        for(int y=4; y<sinkY; ++y) {
            grid[6][y].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[6][y].rotation = 2;
        }
    } else if (preset == 2) { // Algo 1: Stack (FM)
        placeOp(4, 0, 2.0f, 0.01f, 0.2f); // Modulator
        placeOp(4, 2, 1.0f, 0.01f, 0.8f); // Carrier
        
        grid[7][4].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[7][4].rotation = 3; // W
        grid[6][4].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[6][4].rotation = 2; // S
        for(int y=5; y<sinkY; ++y) {
            grid[6][y].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[6][y].rotation = 2;
        }
    } else if (preset == 3) { // Algo 2
        placeOp(4, 2, 1.0f, 0.01f, 0.8f);
        placeOp(4, 0, 2.0f, 0.01f, 0.2f);
        placeOp(0, 0, 1.0f, 0.01f, 0.5f);

        grid[7][4].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[7][4].rotation = 3; // W
        
        grid[3][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[3][2].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[4][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[4][2].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[5][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[5][2].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[sinkX][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][2].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[sinkX][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][3].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[sinkX][4].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][4].rotation = 2; // S

        for(int y=5; y<sinkY; ++y) {
            grid[sinkX][y].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][y].rotation = 2;
        }
    } else if (preset == 4) { // Algo 4
        placeOp(4, 4, 1.0f, 0.01f, 0.8f); 
        placeOp(4, 2, 2.0f, 0.01f, 0.2f); 
        placeOp(4, 0, 4.0f, 0.01f, 0.1f); 

        grid[7][6].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[7][6].rotation = 3; // W
        grid[sinkX][6].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][6].rotation = 2; // S

        for(int y=7; y<sinkY; ++y) {
            grid[sinkX][y].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][y].rotation = 2;
        }
    } else if (preset == 5) { // Algo 5
        placeOp(4, 4, 1.0f, 0.01f, 0.8f);
        placeOp(4, 2, 2.0f, 0.01f, 0.2f);
        placeOp(4, 0, 4.0f, 0.01f, 0.1f);
        placeOp(0, 0, 0.5f, 0.01f, 0.5f);

        grid[7][6].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[7][6].rotation = 3; // W
        grid[3][2].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[3][2].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[3][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[3][3].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[4][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[4][3].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[5][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[5][3].rotation = 1; // E
        grid[6][3].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[6][3].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[sinkX][4].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][4].rotation = 2; // S
        grid[sinkX][5].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][5].rotation = 2; // S
        
        grid[sinkX][6].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][6].rotation = 2; // S

        for(int y=7; y<sinkY; ++y) {
            grid[sinkX][y].type = GridCell::WIRE; grid[sinkX][y].rotation = 2;
        }
    }
}

void SynthEngine::setFrequency(float freq) {
    // Calculate the phase increment for a given frequency.
    // The phase accumulator is a 32-bit unsigned integer (0 to 2^32-1).
    // One full cycle of the accumulator represents one cycle of the waveform.
    // increment = (frequency * 2^32) / sampleRate
    // The original calculation was incorrect for float frequencies.
    _increment = static_cast<uint32_t>((double)freq * (4294967296.0 / (double)_sampleRate));
}

void SynthEngine::setVolume(float vol) {
    if (vol < 0.0f) vol = 0.0f;
    if (vol > 1.0f) vol = 1.0f;
    _volume = vol;
}

void SynthEngine::setWaveform(Waveform form) {
    _waveform = form;
}

void SynthEngine::setGate(bool isOpen) {
    _isGateOpen = isOpen;
}

float SynthEngine::getFrequency() const {
    return (float)((double)_increment * (double)_sampleRate / 4294967296.0);
}

float SynthEngine::_random() {
    // Simple Linear Congruential Generator
    _rngState = _rngState * 1664525 + 1013904223;
    return (float)_rngState / 4294967296.0f;
}

float SynthEngine::processGridStep() {
    // Double buffer for values to handle feedback loops gracefully (1-sample delay)
    static float next_values[GRID_W][GRID_H];

    auto isConnected = [&](int tx, int ty, int from_x, int from_y) -> bool {
        if (from_x < 0 || from_x >= GRID_W || from_y < 0 || from_y >= GRID_H) return false;
        GridCell& n = grid[from_x][from_y];
        
        bool connects = false;
        if (n.type == GridCell::WIRE || n.type == GridCell::FIXED_OSCILLATOR || n.type == GridCell::INPUT_OSCILLATOR || n.type == GridCell::WAVETABLE || n.type == GridCell::NOISE || n.type == GridCell::LFO || n.type == GridCell::GATE_INPUT || n.type == GridCell::ADSR_ATTACK || n.type == GridCell::ADSR_DECAY || n.type == GridCell::ADSR_SUSTAIN || n.type == GridCell::ADSR_RELEASE || n.type == GridCell::LPF || n.type == GridCell::HPF || n.type == GridCell::VCA || n.type == GridCell::BITCRUSHER || n.type == GridCell::DISTORTION || n.type == GridCell::RECTIFIER || n.type == GridCell::PITCH_SHIFTER || n.type == GridCell::GLITCH || n.type == GridCell::OPERATOR || n.type == GridCell::DELAY || n.type == GridCell::REVERB) {
            // Check rotation
            // 0:N (y-1), 1:E (x+1), 2:S (y+1), 3:W (x-1)
            if (n.rotation == 0 && from_y - 1 == ty && from_x == tx) connects = true;
            if (n.rotation == 1 && from_x + 1 == tx && from_y == ty) connects = true;
            if (n.rotation == 2 && from_y + 1 == ty && from_x == tx) connects = true;
            if (n.rotation == 3 && from_x - 1 == tx && from_y == ty) connects = true;
        } else if (n.type == GridCell::FORK) {
            // Fork outputs to Left (rot+3) and Right (rot+1) relative to its rotation
            // n.rotation is "Forward"
            int dx = tx - from_x;
            int dy = ty - from_y;
            int dir = -1;
            if (dx == 0 && dy == -1) dir = 0; // N
            if (dx == 1 && dy == 0) dir = 1; // E
            if (dx == 0 && dy == 1) dir = 2; // S
            if (dx == -1 && dy == 0) dir = 3; // W
            
            int leftOut = (n.rotation + 3) % 4;
            int rightOut = (n.rotation + 1) % 4;
            
            if (dir == leftOut || dir == rightOut) connects = true;
        }
        return connects;
    };

    // Helper to get input from a neighbor
    auto getInput = [&](int tx, int ty, int from_x, int from_y) -> float {
        if (!isConnected(tx, ty, from_x, from_y)) return 0.0f;
        GridCell& n = grid[from_x][from_y];

        if (n.type == GridCell::FORK) {
            int dx = tx - from_x;
            int dy = ty - from_y;
            int dir = -1;
            if (dx == 0 && dy == -1) dir = 0; // N
            if (dx == 1 && dy == 0) dir = 1; // E
            if (dx == 0 && dy == 1) dir = 2; // S
            if (dx == -1 && dy == 0) dir = 3; // W
            
            int leftOut = (n.rotation + 3) % 4;
            int rightOut = (n.rotation + 1) % 4;
            
            if (dir == leftOut) return n.value * (1.0f - n.param) * 2.0f;
            if (dir == rightOut) return n.value * n.param * 2.0f;
        }
        
        return n.value;
    };

    // Helper to sum inputs excluding the output direction
    auto getSummedInput = [&](int x, int y, GridCell& c) -> float {
        float sum = 0.0f;
        int outDir = c.rotation; // 0:N, 1:E, 2:S, 3:W
        if (outDir != 0) sum += getInput(x, y, x, y-1);
        if (outDir != 1) sum += getInput(x, y, x+1, y);
        if (outDir != 2) sum += getInput(x, y, x, y+1);
        if (outDir != 3) sum += getInput(x, y, x-1, y);
        return sum;
    };

    auto getInputFromTheBack = [&](int x, int y, GridCell& c) -> float {
        int inDir = (c.rotation + 2) % 4;
        int dx=0, dy=0;
        if(inDir==0) dy=-1; else if(inDir==1) dx=1; else if(inDir==2) dy=1; else dx=-1;
        return getInput(x, y, x+dx, y+dy);
    };

    auto getSideInputGain = [&](int x, int y, GridCell& c) -> float {
        float gain = 0.0f;
        bool hasSide = false;
        // Left (rot+3)
        int lDir = (c.rotation + 3) % 4;
        int ldx=0, ldy=0; if(lDir==0) ldy=-1; else if(lDir==1) ldx=1; else if(lDir==2) ldy=1; else ldx=-1;
        if (isConnected(x, y, x+ldx, y+ldy)) { hasSide = true; gain += getInput(x, y, x+ldx, y+ldy); }
        // Right (rot+1)
        int rDir = (c.rotation + 1) % 4;
        int rdx=0, rdy=0; if(rDir==0) rdy=-1; else if(rDir==1) rdx=1; else if(rDir==2) rdy=1; else rdx=-1;
        if (isConnected(x, y, x+rdx, y+rdy)) { hasSide = true; gain += getInput(x, y, x+rdx, y+rdy); }
        return hasSide ? gain : 1.0f;
    };

    for (int x = 0; x < GRID_W; ++x) {
        for (int y = 0; y < GRID_H; ++y) {
            GridCell& c = grid[x][y];
            float val = 0.0f;

            if (c.type == GridCell::EMPTY) {
                val = 0.0f;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::FIXED_OSCILLATOR) {
                // Gather inputs for modulation
                float mod = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);

                // Freq 10 to 1000 Hz
                float freq = 10.0f + c.param * 990.0f + (mod * 500.0f); // FM
                if (freq < 1.0f) freq = 1.0f;
                
                float inc = freq * (float)SINE_TABLE_SIZE / (float)_sampleRate;
                c.phase += inc;
                if (c.phase >= SINE_TABLE_SIZE) c.phase -= SINE_TABLE_SIZE;
                val = (float)sine_table[(int)c.phase] / 32768.0f;
                val *= getSideInputGain(x, y, c);
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::INPUT_OSCILLATOR) {
                float mod = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);

                // Freq based on current note + octave param (1-5)
                float baseFreq = getFrequency();
                int octave = 1 + (int)(c.param * 4.99f); // Map 0.0-1.0 to 1-5
                float freq = baseFreq * (float)(1 << (octave - 1)); // 2^(octave-1)
                freq += (mod * 500.0f); // Apply FM
                if (freq < 1.0f) freq = 1.0f; // Protect against negative/zero freq
                float inc = freq * (float)SINE_TABLE_SIZE / (float)_sampleRate;
                c.phase += inc;
                if (c.phase >= SINE_TABLE_SIZE) c.phase -= SINE_TABLE_SIZE;
                val = (float)sine_table[(int)c.phase] / 32768.0f;
                val *= getSideInputGain(x, y, c);
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::WAVETABLE) {
                float mod = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);

                // Track current note frequency + FM
                float freq = getFrequency() + (mod * 500.0f);
                if (freq < 1.0f) freq = 1.0f;

                float inc = freq * (float)SINE_TABLE_SIZE / (float)_sampleRate;
                c.phase += inc;
                if (c.phase >= SINE_TABLE_SIZE) c.phase -= SINE_TABLE_SIZE;

                float phase_norm = c.phase / (float)SINE_TABLE_SIZE; // 0.0 to 1.0
                int wave_select = (int)(c.param * 7.99f);

                switch(wave_select) {
                    case 0: val = (float)sine_table[(int)c.phase] / 32768.0f; break;
                    case 1: val = (phase_norm * 2.0f) - 1.0f; break; // Saw
                    case 2: val = (phase_norm < 0.5f) ? 1.0f : -1.0f; break; // Square
                    case 3: val = (phase_norm < 0.5f) ? (phase_norm * 4.0f - 1.0f) : (3.0f - phase_norm * 4.0f); break; // Triangle
                    case 4: val = 1.0f - (phase_norm * 2.0f); break; // Ramp
                    case 5: val = (phase_norm < 0.25f) ? 1.0f : -1.0f; break; // Pulse 25%
                    case 6: // Distorted Sine
                        val = sin(phase_norm * 2.0 * M_PI) + sin(phase_norm * 4.0 * M_PI) * 0.3f;
                        val /= 1.3f; // Normalize
                        break;
                    case 7: // Organ-like
                        val = sin(phase_norm * 2.0 * M_PI) * 0.6f + 
                              sin(phase_norm * 4.0 * M_PI) * 0.2f + 
                              sin(phase_norm * 8.0 * M_PI) * 0.1f;
                        val /= 0.9f; // Normalize
                        break;
                }
                val *= getSideInputGain(x, y, c);
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::NOISE) {
                float mod = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);

                float white = _random() * 2.0f - 1.0f;
                int shade = (int)(c.param * 4.99f);
                switch(shade) {
                    case 0: // Brown (Leaky integrator)
                        c.phase = (c.phase + white * 0.1f) * 0.95f;
                        val = c.phase * 3.0f; // Gain up
                        break;
                    case 1: // Pink (Approx: LPF)
                        c.phase = 0.5f * c.phase + 0.5f * white;
                        val = c.phase;
                        break;
                    case 2: // White
                        val = white;
                        break;
                    case 3: // Yellow (HPF)
                        val = white - c.phase;
                        c.phase = white; // Store last sample
                        break;
                    case 4: // Green (BPF approx)
                        c.phase = (c.phase + white) * 0.5f; // LPF
                        val = white - c.phase; // HPF result
                        break;
                }
                
                // Apply Amplitude Modulation (AM) from input
                val *= (1.0f + mod);
                val *= getSideInputGain(x, y, c);
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::LFO) {
                // Low Frequency Oscillator (0.1 Hz to 20 Hz)
                float freq = 0.1f + c.param * 19.9f;
                float inc = freq * (float)SINE_TABLE_SIZE / (float)_sampleRate;
                c.phase += inc;
                if (c.phase >= SINE_TABLE_SIZE) c.phase -= SINE_TABLE_SIZE;
                // Output full range -1.0 to 1.0
                val = (float)sine_table[(int)c.phase] / 32768.0f;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::FORK) {
                // Sum inputs from "Back" (Input direction)
                val = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::GATE_INPUT) {
                // Outputs 1.0 when gate is open (key pressed), 0.0 otherwise
                val = _isGateOpen ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::ADSR_ATTACK) {
                // Slew Limiter (Up only)
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                float rate = 1.0f / (0.001f + c.param * 2.0f * _sampleRate); // 0.001s to 2s
                if (in > c.value) {
                    c.value += rate;
                    if (c.value > in) c.value = in;
                } else {
                    c.value = in;
                }
                val = c.value;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::ADSR_DECAY || c.type == GridCell::ADSR_RELEASE) {
                // Slew Limiter (Down only)
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                float rate = 1.0f / (0.001f + c.param * 2.0f * _sampleRate);
                if (in < c.value) {
                    c.value -= rate;
                    if (c.value < in) c.value = in;
                } else {
                    c.value = in;
                }
                val = c.value;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::ADSR_SUSTAIN) {
                // Attenuator
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                val = in * c.param;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::WIRE) {
                // Sum inputs from all neighbors that point to me
                float sum = getSummedInput(x, y, c);
                val = sum;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::LPF) {
                // Input from Back
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                
                // Simple one-pole LPF
                // Cutoff mapping: Exponential-ish 20Hz to 15kHz
                float cutoff = 20.0f + c.param * c.param * 15000.0f;
                float alpha = 2.0f * M_PI * cutoff / (float)_sampleRate;
                if (alpha > 1.0f) alpha = 1.0f;
                
                // c.phase stores previous output
                val = c.phase + alpha * (in - c.phase);
                c.phase = val;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::HPF) {
                // Input from Back
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                
                float cutoff = 20.0f + c.param * c.param * 15000.0f;
                float alpha = 2.0f * M_PI * cutoff / (float)_sampleRate;
                if (alpha > 1.0f) alpha = 1.0f;
                
                // HPF = Input - LPF
                // c.phase stores LPF state
                float lpf = c.phase + alpha * (in - c.phase);
                c.phase = lpf;
                val = in - lpf;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::VCA) {
                // Input from Back
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                
                // Mod from other directions (sum)
                float mod = getSummedInput(x, y, c);
                mod -= in; // Remove signal input from mod sum (it was included in getInput calls)
                
                // Gain = Param + Mod
                float gain = c.param + mod;
                if (gain < 0.0f) gain = 0.0f;
                val = in * gain;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::BITCRUSHER) {
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                
                // Bit depth reduction
                float bits = 1.0f + c.param * 15.0f; // 1 to 16 bits
                float steps = powf(2.0f, bits);
                val = roundf(in * steps) / steps;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::DISTORTION) {
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                
                // Soft clipping
                float drive = 1.0f + c.param * 20.0f;
                float x_driven = in * drive;
                // Simple soft clip: x / (1 + |x|)
                val = x_driven / (1.0f + fabsf(x_driven));
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::RECTIFIER) {
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                // Mix between original and rectified based on param
                float rect = fabsf(in);
                val = in * (1.0f - c.param) + rect * c.param;
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::GLITCH) {
                float in = getInputFromTheBack(x, y, c);
                // Param controls probability of glitch
                float chance = c.param * 0.2f; // 0 to 20% chance per sample
                if (_random() < chance) {
                    int mode = (int)(_random() * 3.0f);
                    if (mode == 0) val = in * 50.0f; // Massive gain (clipping)
                    else if (mode == 1) val = _random() * 2.0f - 1.0f; // White noise burst
                    else val = 0.0f; // Drop out
                } else {
                    val = in;
                }
            } else if (c.type == GridCell::OPERATOR || c.type == GridCell::SINK) {
                // Gather inputs
                float inputs[4];
                int count = 0;
                int outDir = (c.type == GridCell::SINK) ? -1 : c.rotation;

                float iN = (outDir != 0) ? getInput(x, y, x, y-1) : 0.0f; if(iN!=0) inputs[count++] = iN;
                float iE = (outDir != 1) ? getInput(x, y, x+1, y) : 0.0f; if(iE!=0) inputs[count++] = iE;
                float iS = (outDir != 2) ? getInput(x, y, x, y+1) : 0.0f; if(iS!=0) inputs[count++] = iS;
                float iW = (outDir != 3) ? getInput(x, y, x-1, y) : 0.0f; if(iW!=0) inputs[count++] = iW;

                if (c.type == GridCell::SINK) {
                    // Sink just sums everything
                    val = 0.0f;
                    for(int k=0; k<count; ++k) val += inputs[k];
                } else {
                    // Operator
                    int opType = (int)(c.param * 5.99f);
                    if (count == 0) val = 0.0f;
                    else {
                        val = inputs[0];
                        for (int i=1; i<count; ++i) {
                            switch(opType) {
                                case 0: val += inputs[i]; break; // ADD
                                case 1: val *= inputs[i]; break; // MUL
                                case 2: val -= inputs[i]; break; // SUB
                                case 3: if(inputs[i]!=0) val /= inputs[i]; break; // DIV
                                case 4: if(inputs[i]<val) val = inputs[i]; break; // MIN
                                case 5: if(inputs[i]>val) val = inputs[i]; break; // MAX
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            next_values[x][y] = val;
        }
    }

    // Update state
    for(int x=0; x < GRID_W; ++x) {
        for(int y=0; y < GRID_H; ++y) {
            grid[x][y].value = next_values[x][y];
        }
    }

    return grid[GRID_W / 2][GRID_H - 1].value;
}

void SynthEngine::process(int16_t* buffer, uint32_t numFrames) {
    // Lock grid mutex to prevent UI from changing grid structure mid-process
    SynthLockGuard<SynthMutex> lock(gridMutex);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numFrames; ++i) {
        // The grid is now the primary sound source.
        // The processGridStep() returns a float in the approx range of -1.0 to 1.0.
        float sampleF = processGridStep();

        // Soft clip grid sample to avoid harsh distortion before filtering.
        if (sampleF > 1.0f) sampleF = 1.0f;
        if (sampleF < -1.0f) sampleF = -1.0f;

        // The filters were designed for a signal in the int16 range.
        // We scale the grid's float output to match this expected range.
        sampleF *= 32767.0f;

        // Apply Master Volume and write to buffer
        buffer[i] = static_cast<int16_t>(sampleF * _volume);
    }
}